Race for the Threshold

Norwegian politics has many parties, and therefore a lot depends on who breaks the electoral threshold of four percent, and who does not. The parties hovering around the threshold are often referred to as small parties, and the rest as big parties.

For the last eight years, Norway has been ruled by a coalition of four right-wing parties, although the makeup of the government has varied over time. The right wing consists of the big parties the Conservative Party (H) and the anti-immigration far-right party the Progress Party (Frp). The small parties on the right side are the Christian Party (Krf) and the Liberal Party (V).

These latter two, together with the Farmers’ Party, have tried to frame themselves as centre parties, neither left nor right. Lately, however, they have been under increasing pressure to pick a side if they want to seek governmental influence. The Green Party (MDG) has also previously insisted that it doesn’t belong to any one side in politics, but in this election, the Greens pointed to the Labour leader as their preferred prime minister, claiming that the right-wing government had done little to curb Norway’s greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment.

The left block thus consists of five parties. The big ones are those likely to form a government now—Ap, Sp, and SV—and the small are the Red Party and the Green Party. When the results came in on Monday, the threshold drama ended with a tie: one party over and one under on each side. The Red Party and the Liberal Party broke the threshold and secured eight mandates each, while the Green Party and the Christian Party came under, only securing three mandates.

Rural Uprising

That Norway was to turn left in this election has been expected for quite some time. The right-wing government has grown increasingly unpopular, criticised for cutting taxes for the rich while at the same time introducing cuts in welfare and the public sector. A large reform reduced the number of counties in Norway from 19 to 11, while at the same time reducing the number of municipalities. The reform was supposed to make local government more effective and robust, but sparked protest to the degree that the number of counties may now rise again, as the Farmers’ Party has promised to dissolve all forced mergers.

The protest is linked with a larger dissatisfaction among those in the countryside, and the centre-periphery conflict has been one of the biggest in the election. Norway only has about five million citizens, but it is geographically vast and has a tradition of a scattered-out population comprising many small communities. The trend of centralisation—people moving into the large cities—is often seen as a sign that the country is losing something significant. Concerns about hospitals and police stations in the districts have caused uproar.

One social movement that has emerged in the last few years is the ‘bunad guerillas’, a group of women dressed in the traditional folk costume bunad, who protest against the closure of birth clinics in the districts, and the subsequent demand on women to travel a long way to travel for delivery. In the capital of Oslo there have also been significant protests against the right’s plan to close down the city’s largest hospital and replace it with a new one many fear is too small for the population.

The rise of the periphery led to a surge in support for the Farmers’ Party, which channels this dissatisfaction more than any other. At the beginning of the year they polled equal with the Labour Party—around 20 percent—and swung many voters over from the right side. However, having picked up dissatisfied voters from the right and centre, they started distancing themselves form the left, claiming they did not want to rule with the Socialist Left Party (as they did between 2005 and 2013) and picking a fight with the Green Party over symbolic climate policies.

Some feel this attempt to broaden out has gone too far, particularly since many of their voters were sought genuine change as a result of their displeasure with the current government. In the end the Farmers’ Party ended with 13.5 percent, and a key demand for development in the rural areas – a vision the left and Labour also share.

Climate Change Sinking In?

Another big topic in the campaign was climate change, since Norway is such a large exporter of oil and gas. The debate intensified after the UN released its new climate report on 9 August and UN leader Antonio Guterres declared ‘code red’ for humanity. There is a growing consensus that the Norwegian oil fairy tale (as it is called) will soon be over, although the opinion differs as to whether this will be due to a planned transition which sees the country stop drilling for oil, or because the demand in the markets will be subject to a rapid drop. Four parties were deemed ‘climate parties’ (SV, R, MDG, and V), and the climate debate is probably the main reason the Liberal Party managed to cross the electoral threshold.

But the fact that the Green Party did not pass the threshold has led to a debate about the climate being less important for voters than the impression given in the media. Critics claim that this shows that Norwegians are, with their relative wealth and high standards of living, unwilling to face up to climate reality and lose some comfort. Others say that the Green Party was too radical and uncompromising, and took too much of an urban middle class ‘holier than thou’ attitude, which scared voters away. All parties except the far right also claim that they care about climate change and the environment, so it could be that voters who gave weight to the issue went for parties other than the Greens, especially the two on the far left.

The Socialist Left Party and the Red Party also raised climate change in their campaigns, arguing for green industries and a just transition that makes the biggest polluters pay the highest price. The far right Frp tried on their side to fight for Norwegian oil production and reach out to workers afraid of losing their job, but to little avail: they continued their fall from last election and ended up with 11.6 percent.

Two Radical Left Parties – or One?

The last couple of years have seen some talk about an electoral collaboration, or even merger, of the two far left parties, the Socialist Left Party and the Red Party. The Red Party was formed in 2007 when the Workers’ Communist Party (AKP) and the Red Election Alliance (RV) dissolved to form the Red Party, together with AKP’s youth party Red Youth (RU) and independents. RV was originally the electoral front of AKP, but since 1991 it had worked as an independent party.

At this time the Socialist Left Party had been in government with Labour and the Farmers’ Party for two years as a junior partner. Many on the left where disappointed with what they saw as a government that left New Public Management of the public sector intact, opened the Barents Sea for oil and gas drilling, and later joined the NATO-led war in Libya. After eight years in government, SV was punished by their voters in 2013 and barely managed to cross the threshold with 4.1 percent.

Since then, the party took a significant step to the left under the new leader Audun Lysbakken, and slowly rebuilt their confidence. The two far left parties increasingly vote the same in Parliament and agree on most issues, generating demand for more collaboration. That did not happen in this election, although it might have been for the best: a collaboration could have sent a signal to voters that the group was ready to form a strong, left block in Norwegian politics and aim for power. But it might also have scared voters away, as the two parties reach somewhat different people. The Red Party is still shunned by some for their communist past, although that seems to be primarily among the older generations.

More important, perhaps, is that the Socialist Left Party reach out particularly to women in the public sector, like teachers and healthcare workers, while the Red Party has followed their long-term strategy of putting labour and the economy at the heart of their politics. That has made it possible to pick up dissatisfied voters from Labour and increased their votes among those with little education and low incomes. The Socialist Left Party is interested in joining a government, which appeals to voters who would like to see their party being responsible; the Red Party, on the other hand, does not wish to enter any government with this amount of support. Instead, the Red Party prefers to push for radical reforms from Parliament, which may appeal to other voters, particularly those who don’t want to see radicalism compromised away.

The Stakes Are High

The election in Norway is a clear mandate from the voters for a left-wing turn away from centralisation, inequality, cuts in welfare and subsidies, and towards social reforms. One reform raised by the left is free dental care, since dental care is currently outside the free public healthcare system. There is also a demand for new infrastructure across the country (an electoral list demanding a hospital in the far northern town of Alta got elected to Parliament, too), increased taxes for the rich, and state support for the development of new green industries. The Labour Party has also taken a significant step to the left, at least compared to its neoliberal heyday twenty years ago. They would never have got this far in the election if they hadn’t.

Questions remain as to how significant their left turn really is, and if they can deliver on the huge expectations set after eight years of right-wing rule and growing dissent. One worrying sign is that the right wing always cuts the taxes for the rich, and Labour is reluctant to increase them again. The party has said it will increase some taxes and fees, but at the same time as cutting others, leaving the combined tax level intact. But social reforms and a stronger welfare state cost money, and need to be financed somehow – by the rich, if you ask the Socialist Left and the Red Party.

Another cause for worry is that while the Farmers’ Party has plenty of good policies for workers and the districts, it also includes a significant faction with more right-wing tendencies. The biggest challenge may be this faction’s resistance to climate action. Their deputy leader Ola Borten Moe is an oil investor, and the party is opposed to fees on emissions, which they claim will disproportionally hit those in the rural areas who depend on their cars to travel long distances. This is of course true for flat fees, but can be solved with mechanisms like carbon fees and dividends. The Farmers’ Party is also the old party of landowners, tending to oppose environmental regulations on land use and seeking to more or less eradicate predatory mammals like wolves – something the left finds hard to swallow.

All in all, the election is a huge opportunity for the left, if they manage to seize it. The fact that the radical left became so large, and that the Red Party have a big group in Parliament ready to pick up disgruntled voters if the government doesn’t deliver, is promising. But the expectations are also high, which means the fall will be hard if Labour fails to make the most of this chance.

The far right, meanwhile, didn’t have much to say in a campaign where immigration was off the table and class politics dominated. Let’s hope it stays that way.